Maiden Voyage Commentary Essay

This concentrate from Maiden Voyage, by Denton Welch, centers around the storyteller who escapes from the solace of his home into the domain of the obscure. He utilizes imagery, symbolism, word usage, incongruity just as differentiation to show the cruel truth of the outside world so as to advance his motivation of mocking the over secured guardians whose youngster will one day leave their customary ranges of familiarity into the brutal outside world and how they will in the end be the ones who endure due to guardians who deal with all their needs. Welch delineates the storyteller in an adverse way, one who is over secured however detests living thusly as observed from the way that â€Å"he hated to be reliant on other people† and â€Å"began to feel imprisoned†. This shows the reluctance of the storyteller to remain in his customary range of familiarity and his aching to wander into the outside universe of puzzle. Thusly, it is unmistakably portrayed that regardless of how hard the guardians may attempt to get their kid far from the cruel idea of this present reality, there will be where the youngster will break liberated from his case and fly away into the domain of the obscure, powerless and without experience. The storyteller is additionally portrayed as one who is curious as he was â€Å"longing to explore† the outside world. He saw a dark spot and â€Å"wondered on the off chance that it was a cat† â€Å"or maybe it was a dull boulder†, indeed demonstrating the narrator’s curious psyche in needing to discover more. Be that as it may, the dark spot ended up being a human head, and this shows the differentiation between what the storyteller anticipated that the world should resemble and what the brutal world is really similar to, and thusly underscoring on the vulnerability of the storyteller as he is separated from everyone else in the outside world with no experience at all. There is additionally anticipating when Mr Butler said â€Å"foreigners are not extremely well known here†, portending the presence of the head. This gives accentuation on the human head which will be talked about later on. Additionally, this statement likewise alludes to the storyteller in not only an exacting way. The storyteller is additionally an outsider as in he has never been to the outside world, never experienced reality, and this is unexpected that the individuals who told the storyteller that outsiders are not so much acknowledged are the ones who got the storyteller far from the outside world, and to keep him in the domain of solace, making him a â€Å"foreigner† to the world outside. In that capacity, this gives accentuation on the author’s reason for taunting the over defensive guardians who thus are the ones who cause hurt onto the kid. More incongruity is viewed as the storyteller states from the get-go in the sonnet that his guardians â€Å"would never need to do what I needed to do† and this is amusing when contrasted with the later piece of the writing where the storyteller states himself that he â€Å"did not comprehend what to do† and this incongruity just as complexity unmistakably delineates the possibility of vulnerability of the storyteller brought about by the over defensive overseers and this over insurance develops a feeling of needing to break free in the storyteller. Thusly, the creator parodies the over defensive guardians and shows that they are the extremely ones who will cause the ruin of the one whom they make a decent attempt to ensure. The creator likewise utilizes a great deal of imagery all through this concentrate to deliver his motivation of deriding the over insurance of the youngster. The human head, a significant theme, is utilized to represent self-information. In this way, the cut off head represents the narrator’s self-information on the world being disintegrated away as he sees the brutal truth of this merciless world. All things considered, the creator makes a feeling that everything that was educated to him was false, that all that he knows isn't the genuine article. Also, all things considered, it makes a feeling of bogus expectation and bogus security, when truth be told, he is the most powerless to the unforgiving truth of the world outside his customary range of familiarity. Along these lines, this delivers taunting the over defensive guardians and their bogus lessons, which will thus, cause incredible damage to the very youngster they were attempting to secure for their entire life. The flies are portrayed as â€Å"a haze† and were â€Å"buzzing like dynamos†. This shows the immense number of flies just as the sums all thickly gathered around this human head. This represents the guardians, who go about as a shield which encompasses the outside world, as represented by the human head, and thusly, it is just when he goes near the item that he sees the unforgiving truth of the outside world, one which he isn't prepared to acknowledge. Accordingly, it very well may be said that the ones who causes the destruction of the over secured kid, are simply the guardians. The â€Å"turrets and bastions† that were â€Å"crumbling into the sea† shows the continuous debasing of these fortresses and how they gradually lose their motivation of insurance over the long haul. This is utilized to represent the narrator’s guardians, that there will be where this circle of solace and defense will debase and break up away like â€Å"ruined cottages† and the storyteller should move away from this safe place into the domain of the obscure. At the point when this opportunity arrives, the storyteller should endure as a result of an absence of experience, and a na㠯⠿â ½ve mentality that everything is as straightforward as it appears. In that capacity, the creator plainly mocks the over defensive guardians with respect to how they are causing the passing of their own kid over the long haul. The narrator’s feeling of defenselessness is likewise plainly portrayed in the exposition using symbolism. The creator utilizes â€Å"the first cur†, a canine that hotels to woofing in battles, and is in truth an apprehensive pooch, to show the narrator’s powerlessness in the outside world, even to the mildest of things, he â€Å"turned and ran back†. This gives accentuation on the results of over securing the youngster, disregarding him abandoned and to battle for him in the outside world, and when this opportunity arrives, he will sure to endure, therefore ridiculing the guardians. The creator utilizes â€Å"pathless sands† to by and by, cause to notice the narrator’s powerlessness in the outside world. As he supposedly is lost in the unforgiving scene, where there are no ways, which are utilized to allude to the direction of his overseers, and no signs to show him the best approach. In this manner, this gives perusers that the creator is taunting the guardians who are seriously over defensive of the kid and the way that this will thusly prompt a greater number of cons than experts for the kid. The powerlessness of the storyteller is additionally underscored when the creator portrays the â€Å"slap of them when they hit the wall†, them alluding to the bugs. Their weakness is utilized to contrast and that of the narrator’s as they would never escape from the grip of the cruel reality, and the storyteller was in a similar situation as them. The creator utilizes these outcomes of over assurance to taunt the guardians of the kid whom have been kept in the safe place without confronting any issues all alone, in this manner is extremely reliant and has no involvement with all. Welch likewise utilizes lingual authority to delineate this present reality outside the solace domain set by the over defensive guardians on their kid. He utilizes words like â€Å"harsh lances of grass† and â€Å"dry and sharp as knives† to show the cruel truth of the world. This is utilized conversely with the â€Å"European estate and a line of poplars†, which is the over security showered upon the storyteller by his folks. What's more, thusly, the creator can be believed to be deriding the naivety of the guardians who feel that they can ensure their kid for as long as they can remember and imagine that what they are doing is for the best of the kid, when in truth it is the specific inverse as observed by the cruel truth of this present reality saw by the honest and vulnerable storyteller. The composition finishes off with a deriding tone that once the kid leaves the safe place, it is extremely unlikely he can return, when he sees the brutality of this present reality, he can never again be ensured by his folks. This is seen where the storyteller â€Å"ran towards a bastion, thinking about whether I could ascend to it in anyway†, indicating the needing of the youngster to return into the protected and shielded safe place, yet the creator closes us off with an unforgiving yet evident sentence: â€Å"I realized that I could not†.

Energy Efficiency – a Replacement to Load Shedding

Burden shedding is one of the most concerning issue looked by everybody in Pakistan, regardless of they are local or business customers. Pakistan is confronting a genuine vitality emergencies and it might deteriorate if not tended to truly and speedily. Everybody is interested about the job of government in managing this issue and diminishing buyers through prompt flexibly side arrangements, for example, new force sources. Government is assuming its job in setting up new force plants and capability of using released sources, for example, coal and inexhaustible assets I. e. ind, sun powered and so forth. Household and business customers contribute over 60% in the all out electrical vitality prerequisite of Pakistan. As of now, greatest vitality shortage is 5500 MW in summers and prompt arrangements can't meet this shortfall in not so distant future. It isn't prescribed to a buyer to settle on comfort by not working a portion of the high need apparatuses yet slight change in conduct may contribute considerably more than anticipated. Principle power request donors are cooling and warming machines utilized by residential and business clients. So as to measure the effects of such apparatuses, inquire about has been conveyed in regards to the use of forced air systems in Pakistan. Shoppers have been experiencing emergencies in type of burden shedding for a considerable length of time in a day no quick arrangement is by all accounts feasible in expanded summers. They will in general accuse government and service organizations for not lessening load shedding. Vitality could be made accessible for broadened hours yet a mass level mindfulness about effective use of vitality is required. Unlawful associations, utilization of wasteful and superfluous machines at top interest time has declined the circumstance and service organizations appear to be defenseless about it. They are not left with some other choice to decrease request aside from through burden shedding. Forced air systems are one of the significant supporters in top burden in summer. They include 15% of the absolute pinnacle load requiring in any event 3000 MW for the nation. A review with respect to use of forced air systems was coasted as a piece of this examination and 300 household and business purchasers reacted to the study. One of the finishes of the review showed that 21 0C is the normal control temperature for AC in family units. From a similar overview shoppers were gotten some information about the most extreme control temperature utilized in family. The greatest normal temperature was seen as 26 0C. So as to explore the impact of this control temperature on family vitality utilization and pinnacle load request, a test was done on two comparable structures in Karachi. Two rooms of the element of 12 X 16 X 12 ft were utilized for this reason. One room was worked at 21 0C control temperature for 24 hours time frame while other at 26 0C. Perceptions and results demonstrated that a sum of 0. 45 KWhr sparing was recorded in the room having AC working at 26 0C. On the off chance that this sparing is extrapolated to anticipated number of climate control systems in Pakistan, at that point a sum of 14. 5 GWhr of electrical vitality could be spared in a solitary day. As far as force this can undoubtedly reduce a sum of 607 MW out of pinnacle request, which is comparable to probably the biggest force plants in the nation. In the event that comparable vitality preservation methods are applied for fridges and other cooling apparatuses then investment funds could be of much noteworthy level. Because of continuous gas load shedding situation, purchasers may begin turning towards electrical warming machines, which may conceivably include in electrical vitality request in not so distant future. Enormous scope mindfulness is required at each degree of utilization. Pinnacle load moving, disheartening unlawful associations and using vitality in proficient manner are our couple of life lines. A solitary buyer commitment may appear to be inconsequential however in general it can contribute towards decrease of huge pinnacle load.

MPH 16 Bartosz Garbaczewski, MIA 16 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A view from the class Stephanie Martinez, MIA/MPH ’16 Bartosz Garbaczewski, MIA ’16 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This weeks  SIPA student profile features two bright individuals. The first, is about a dual-degree student who worked with the Peace Corps as a community health volunteer in Cameroon. The second, was recently awarded the China Trek Research Grant to work on a solar project in a rural area of China.   Stephanie Martinez, MIA/MPH ’16, is a dual-degree student at SIPA and the Mailman School of Public Health. At SIPA, Stephanie is concentrating in economic and political development with a specialization in gender and public policy. Fueled by her experiences living and working in rural Cameroon, Stephanie is dedicated to using her graduate education at Columbia to launch a career in global maternal and reproductive health rights advocacy and programming. Stephanie graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2011 with a B.A. in both international development studies and Spanish. She then began her service as a Peace Corps community health volunteer in Cameroon. Over the course of her two years of service, Stephanie worked with local counterparts in assessing and creating programs to address the community’s greatest health challenges. Her work focused on family planning and reproductive health education for men, women, and students. Stephanie’s experiences in Camer oon cemented her resolve to work to empower women globally through health access and to promote sustainable maternal health services. In her free time, Stephanie loves to blog, tap dance, and find new cafes in the city. Bartosz Garbaczewski, MIA ’16, is from Rzeszow, Poland is focusing his studies in global energy management and policy with a specialization in advanced policy and economic analysis. Bartosz’s choice of the degree is based on his belief that the energy sector is an excellent catalyst for positive change - be it by providing energy accessibility to those deprived of it, minimizing impacts on natural environments, promoting responsible use of hydrocarbon resources, or helping to alleviate geopolitical crisis. Upon graduating with a degree in international economics from Nottingham University in England, Bartosz joined a Finance Graduate Development Program at Royal Dutch Shell, where he worked in Europe and in the Middle East. In the past, he also served as an economist intern to the UK’s Government Economic Service at the Department for Work and Pensions. In his first semester at SIPA, Bartosz became a member of the SIPA Energy Association, Consulting Club, and Finance Society. M ost recently, he obtained the China Trek Research Grant from SIPA and looks forward to working on a solar project in the Western rural regions of China. Bartosz looks forward to interning across the public and private energy sector this summer to further develop his skills as an energy professional. We look forward to Stephanies and Bartosz’s next year at SIPA!

World War I And The Great War - 2006 Words

World War I, also known as the First World War, or the Great War, was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by trench warfare, a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the advantage. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war†¦show more content†¦Within weeks, the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia and subsequently invaded. As Russia mobilised in support of Serbia, Germany invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany. After the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that would change little until 1917. Meanwhile, on the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, but was stopped in its invasion of East Prussia by the Germans. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. Italy joined the Allies in 1915 and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in the same year, while Romania joined the Allies in 1916, followed by the United States in 1917. The Russian government collapsed in March 1917, and a subsequent revolution in November brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk, which constituted a massive German victory. After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the

The Great Sectional Differences Between North And South

Abraham Lincoln once said to George Robertson â€Å"‘Can we, as a nation, continue, together permanently—forever—half slave, and half free?’ The problem is too mighty for me. May God, in his mercy, superintend the solution.† (Hobson, 1912) This he wrote in a private letter in 1855. It was another year before Lincoln felt ready to think about saying the same thing in a way that would be really heard. He made his position clear September 18, 1858, stating â€Å"I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races,† going on to say that he opposed blacks having the right to vote, to serve on juries, to hold office and to intermarry with whites. (Mintz, S., McNeil, 2016) The Civil War in the United States was inevitable. The great sectional differences between North and South were far too great, and the main reason for these differences was the fact that slavery underlay both the southern economy and society. No one, not even Abraham Lincoln could dispute the growing gap between the nation at that time. Slavery in the United states proved too difficult to progress, mostly economically. In the 1860 election, both candidates believed that slavery was immorally wrong. However, given the mainstream opinion of slavery, they couldn’t outwardly speak too much of abolishing slavery for good. In the pre-Civil War United States, a case can be made that slavery played a critical role in economicShow MoreRelatedNorthern And Southern United States989 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferently. The South was mostly into farming, while the North was more about the industry. Both regions also had sectional differences in the way tariffs and slavery were intertwined. 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Five Force Analysis Free Essays

Rogers Chocolate: Five Force Analysis Feedback A graphic portrayal of the five-forces model for the chocolate industry is shown in below. At the end of the analysis, always state a conclusion: Rivalry Among Competing Premium Chocolate Producers—a Moderately Strong Competitive Force In the discussion of the five competitive forces that follows, we use a + sign to indicate factors acting to strengthen rivalry and a – sign to indicate factors acting to weaken rivalry. The +/– signs are shown in parentheses. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Force Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now ?The Canadian premium chocolate industry has been growing by about 20% annually while the chocolate industry as a whole has been relatively stagnant or falling. (–) ? The gap between the growth of the premium and lower quality markets has spurred a movement by large, traditionally low quality, manufacturers into the premium market through acquisitions and upmarket launches. (+) ? Product differentiation is moderate among makers of premium chocolates. While there is some differentiation with respect to the quality of the chocolate produced, the main differentiating feature is the packaging of the product which helps draw first time users to one premium brand over another. (+) ? Competitors consistently pursue premium placement and packaging changes that make their product more attractive to the consumer. (+) ? With large percentages of annual sales being seasonal, advertising and competitive jockeying for retail sales intensifies during the most profitable periods of the year. (+) ? Switching costs to consumers is low. While the costs of switching from one brand to another are low, consumers of premium chocolates tend to be brand loyal. (–) ? The industry is mostly regional with only a few large players. (neutral) ? Most competitors have similar strategies, offering some customization on wholesale and online purchases and maintaining standardized retail operations. (+) Threat of Entry—A Strong Competitive Force ?With the industry currently composed primarily of regional players there are not significant economies of scale in production that would prohibit entry. (+) ? Significant learning curve effects and lower fixed costs independent of scale, such as favorable long-term leases in retail locations, for incumbents exist that could discourage new entrants. (–) ?Strong brand loyalty and preferences for existing brands would make it difficult for new entrants to take market share. (–) ? There are high capital requirements in the form of manufacturing facilities, machinery, retail space, and distribution channels to launch large scale operations but low capital requirements for local and some regional operations. (neutral) ? With the industry growing at 20% annually potential entrants may see room to flourish in an underserved market. (+) ? This high growth has caused large, well known, low quality manufacturers with large resources to begin positioning themselves to enter this market. (+) ? With a large portion of the market consisting of baby boomers, there is potential for market growth for decades to come. (+) Competition from Substitutes—Varies Depending on the Taste Preferences of Consumers ? The primary consumers of premium chocolates appreciate high product quality and have a high level of brand awareness. Traditional off-the-shelf candy and chocolates do not compare in the minds of these consumers. This leaves very few substitutes that include upscale, premium candies, cakes, and ice creams. (–) ? Switching costs to the few substitutes are low. (+) ?Average consumers that may purchase premium chocolates on special occasions or as gifts have a wide array of readily available substitutes. The substitutes to these consumers are traditional candy bars, flowers, stuffed animals, hard candy, etc. , etc. (+) ? Substitutes are readily available and are sold at lower price points. (+) ? Switching costs for these consumers are also low. (+) The Bargaining Power and Leverage of Suppliers—Weak to Moderate for Packaging Inputs; Moderate to Strong for Product Inputs ? Packaging inputs for the industry can be procured from a multitude of suppliers located around the world. (–) ? There are some costs to switching packaging suppliers for industry members but these costs are not so extreme that they prevent switching. (neutral) ? Packaging inputs are readily available from most suppliers. (–) ? Suppliers of packaging inputs are heavily relied upon to deliver inputs on time and in conjunction with production runs. These inputs are also a large portion of overall product costs. +) ? It is not economically viable for industry members to backward integrate into production of packaging inputs. (+) ? It is not likely that suppliers will integrate forward. (–) ? Consumer concerns for human rights and environmentally safe packaging increases the pressure on industry members to procure packaging inputs from w hat are considered responsible suppliers or to pressure suppliers into producing packaging inputs under set terms and conditions. (neutral) ? Production inputs to the industry, such as cocoa beans, are a commodity but can only be grown in certain climates restricting the number of suppliers. +) ? Switching suppliers of production inputs can be costly if they come from regions or continents other than what the industry member is currently using. This may require new procurement channels and transportation methods. (+) ? Production inputs can be in short supply or abundant depending on the climate that year. (neutral) ? Production inputs are basically standard across the industry. (–) ? Suppliers provide inputs that account for a large portion of the product cost. (+) ? It is neither feasible nor economically viable for market participants to integrate into the production of these inputs. +) ? It is not likely that suppliers will integrate forward. (–) ? Consumer concern s for human rights increases the pressure on industry members to procure production inputs from what are considered responsible suppliers or to pressure suppliers into producing inputs under set terms and conditions. (neutral) The Bargaining Power and Leverage of Buyers—Weak for Consumers; Moderate for Wholesale Buyers ? Cost of switching brands for retail/online buyers is low, and despite high brand loyalty, many buyers may switch to another brand if they perceive the brand to be equivalent in quality at a lower price. +) ? Number of buyers is large and the individual buyer is a small portion of the total business. (–) ? Retail/Online buyer purchases are infrequent and small. (–) ? Retail/Online buyers can postpone purchases. (+) ?There are equivalent products from competitors available. (+) ? Cost of switching brands for wholesale buyers, such as large retail chains, is low when there are no contracts in place; however, if contracts are in place the switching costs are high. (neutral) ? Wholesale buyers purchase in larger quantities and on a more regular basis. (+) ? Wholesale buyers can easily compare prices, costs and product quality. (+) ? There is a moderate threat of wholesale buyers, such as food retailers, integrating into this industry. (neutral) ? There are equivalent products from competitors available. (+) ? Wholesale buyers are not able to postpone purchases as easily as individual buyers. (–) Conclusions concerning the overall strength of competitive forces. The overall competitive pressures on the premium chocolates industry are moderate and that industry conditions are favorable to above average profit margins. However, when considering the threat of new entrants, the growth potential and the resources that some potential entrants control, this industry is likely to see an increase in the number and/or size of industry participants in the near future. This will inevitably result in an increase in the rivalry among industry participants. An increase in supplier power could result if large manufacturers arrange strategic alliances and/or sole provider contracts with suppliers that restrict the inputs available to other industry participants. How to cite Five Force Analysis, Papers

Five Force Analysis Free Essays

Rogers Chocolate: Five Force Analysis Feedback A graphic portrayal of the five-forces model for the chocolate industry is shown in below. At the end of the analysis, always state a conclusion: Rivalry Among Competing Premium Chocolate Producers—a Moderately Strong Competitive Force In the discussion of the five competitive forces that follows, we use a + sign to indicate factors acting to strengthen rivalry and a – sign to indicate factors acting to weaken rivalry. The +/– signs are shown in parentheses. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Force Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now ?The Canadian premium chocolate industry has been growing by about 20% annually while the chocolate industry as a whole has been relatively stagnant or falling. (–) ? The gap between the growth of the premium and lower quality markets has spurred a movement by large, traditionally low quality, manufacturers into the premium market through acquisitions and upmarket launches. (+) ? Product differentiation is moderate among makers of premium chocolates. While there is some differentiation with respect to the quality of the chocolate produced, the main differentiating feature is the packaging of the product which helps draw first time users to one premium brand over another. (+) ? Competitors consistently pursue premium placement and packaging changes that make their product more attractive to the consumer. (+) ? With large percentages of annual sales being seasonal, advertising and competitive jockeying for retail sales intensifies during the most profitable periods of the year. (+) ? Switching costs to consumers is low. While the costs of switching from one brand to another are low, consumers of premium chocolates tend to be brand loyal. (–) ? The industry is mostly regional with only a few large players. (neutral) ? Most competitors have similar strategies, offering some customization on wholesale and online purchases and maintaining standardized retail operations. (+) Threat of Entry—A Strong Competitive Force ?With the industry currently composed primarily of regional players there are not significant economies of scale in production that would prohibit entry. (+) ? Significant learning curve effects and lower fixed costs independent of scale, such as favorable long-term leases in retail locations, for incumbents exist that could discourage new entrants. (–) ?Strong brand loyalty and preferences for existing brands would make it difficult for new entrants to take market share. (–) ? There are high capital requirements in the form of manufacturing facilities, machinery, retail space, and distribution channels to launch large scale operations but low capital requirements for local and some regional operations. (neutral) ? With the industry growing at 20% annually potential entrants may see room to flourish in an underserved market. (+) ? This high growth has caused large, well known, low quality manufacturers with large resources to begin positioning themselves to enter this market. (+) ? With a large portion of the market consisting of baby boomers, there is potential for market growth for decades to come. (+) Competition from Substitutes—Varies Depending on the Taste Preferences of Consumers ? The primary consumers of premium chocolates appreciate high product quality and have a high level of brand awareness. Traditional off-the-shelf candy and chocolates do not compare in the minds of these consumers. This leaves very few substitutes that include upscale, premium candies, cakes, and ice creams. (–) ? Switching costs to the few substitutes are low. (+) ?Average consumers that may purchase premium chocolates on special occasions or as gifts have a wide array of readily available substitutes. The substitutes to these consumers are traditional candy bars, flowers, stuffed animals, hard candy, etc. , etc. (+) ? Substitutes are readily available and are sold at lower price points. (+) ? Switching costs for these consumers are also low. (+) The Bargaining Power and Leverage of Suppliers—Weak to Moderate for Packaging Inputs; Moderate to Strong for Product Inputs ? Packaging inputs for the industry can be procured from a multitude of suppliers located around the world. (–) ? There are some costs to switching packaging suppliers for industry members but these costs are not so extreme that they prevent switching. (neutral) ? Packaging inputs are readily available from most suppliers. (–) ? Suppliers of packaging inputs are heavily relied upon to deliver inputs on time and in conjunction with production runs. These inputs are also a large portion of overall product costs. +) ? It is not economically viable for industry members to backward integrate into production of packaging inputs. (+) ? It is not likely that suppliers will integrate forward. (–) ? Consumer concerns for human rights and environmentally safe packaging increases the pressure on industry members to procure packaging inputs from w hat are considered responsible suppliers or to pressure suppliers into producing packaging inputs under set terms and conditions. (neutral) ? Production inputs to the industry, such as cocoa beans, are a commodity but can only be grown in certain climates restricting the number of suppliers. +) ? Switching suppliers of production inputs can be costly if they come from regions or continents other than what the industry member is currently using. This may require new procurement channels and transportation methods. (+) ? Production inputs can be in short supply or abundant depending on the climate that year. (neutral) ? Production inputs are basically standard across the industry. (–) ? Suppliers provide inputs that account for a large portion of the product cost. (+) ? It is neither feasible nor economically viable for market participants to integrate into the production of these inputs. +) ? It is not likely that suppliers will integrate forward. (–) ? Consumer concern s for human rights increases the pressure on industry members to procure production inputs from what are considered responsible suppliers or to pressure suppliers into producing inputs under set terms and conditions. (neutral) The Bargaining Power and Leverage of Buyers—Weak for Consumers; Moderate for Wholesale Buyers ? Cost of switching brands for retail/online buyers is low, and despite high brand loyalty, many buyers may switch to another brand if they perceive the brand to be equivalent in quality at a lower price. +) ? Number of buyers is large and the individual buyer is a small portion of the total business. (–) ? Retail/Online buyer purchases are infrequent and small. (–) ? Retail/Online buyers can postpone purchases. (+) ?There are equivalent products from competitors available. (+) ? Cost of switching brands for wholesale buyers, such as large retail chains, is low when there are no contracts in place; however, if contracts are in place the switching costs are high. (neutral) ? Wholesale buyers purchase in larger quantities and on a more regular basis. (+) ? Wholesale buyers can easily compare prices, costs and product quality. (+) ? There is a moderate threat of wholesale buyers, such as food retailers, integrating into this industry. (neutral) ? There are equivalent products from competitors available. (+) ? Wholesale buyers are not able to postpone purchases as easily as individual buyers. (–) Conclusions concerning the overall strength of competitive forces. The overall competitive pressures on the premium chocolates industry are moderate and that industry conditions are favorable to above average profit margins. However, when considering the threat of new entrants, the growth potential and the resources that some potential entrants control, this industry is likely to see an increase in the number and/or size of industry participants in the near future. This will inevitably result in an increase in the rivalry among industry participants. An increase in supplier power could result if large manufacturers arrange strategic alliances and/or sole provider contracts with suppliers that restrict the inputs available to other industry participants. How to cite Five Force Analysis, Papers